After St. Bartholomew's the Huguenots, though bereft of their leaders, rushed to arms. These Italians stood to benefit from the occasion by eliminating the Huguenot danger. Protestant countries were horrified at the events, and only the concentrated efforts of Catherine's ambassadors, including a special mission by Gondi, prevented the collapse of her policy of remaining on good terms with them. This day led to the three Henry's war. 3. "[66][67], The author of the Lettre de Pierre Charpentier (1572) was not only "a Protestant of sorts, and thus, apparently, writing with inside knowledge", but also "an extreme apologist for the massacre in his view a well-merited punishment for years of civil disobedience [and] secret sedition"[68] A strand of Catholic writing, especially by Italian authors, broke from the official French line to applaud the massacre as precisely a brilliant stratagem, deliberately planned from various points beforehand. [51], Pope Gregory XIII also commissioned the artist Giorgio Vasari to paint three frescos in the Sala Regia depicting the wounding of Coligny, his death, and Charles IX before Parliament, matching those commemorating the defeat of the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto (1571). He wrote a strongly anti-Catholic and anti-French play based on the events entitled The Massacre at Paris. Corrections? motivations which lead to this savage action. 30. The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (French: Massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion. ), p. 95, citing Benedict (2004), pp. Body counts relating to other payments are computed from this. From The Religious Peace of Augsburg, Reform in the Catholic World 2. Bloody Mary on the throne (1553-1558) Orlans, Meaux, Angers, La Charit, Saumur, Gaillac and Troyes. Anonymous, A German Print of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre . Essay Question, Category A Giovanni Michiel, "A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre," Perspectives From the Past, pp 484-486.1) After reading Michiel's account, who do you think who is responsible for the St. [85] Diefendorf says that when the head of the murdered Coligny was shown to the Paris mob by a member of the nobility, with the claim that it was the King's will, the die was cast. Three of her sons were kings of France . Copyright 2001-2023 OCLC. 34. -The Huguenot faction was fatally wounded. I am convinced that only forgiveness, offered and received, leads little by little to a fruitful dialogue, which will in turn ensure a fully Christian reconciliation. From the Venetian ambassador Giovanni Michiel's, harsh report, people might imagine the relationship of religion to politics and political. Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Prior to certifying the Managing Accounting Billing Statement for contract payments by Governmentwide Commercial Purchase Card, the Approving/ Billing Official must do what two things? Despite the firm opposition of the Queen Mother and the King, Anjou, Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, present at this meeting of the council, could see a good occasion to make a name for himself with the government. [24][pageneeded] The tension that had been building since the Peace of St. Germain now exploded in a wave of popular violence. [60] Many Catholic authors were exultant in their praise of the king for his bold and decisive action (after regretfully abandoning a policy of meeting Huguenot demands as far as he could) against the supposed Huguenot coup, whose details were now fleshed out in officially sponsored works, though the larger mob massacres were somewhat deprecated: "[one] must excuse the people's fury moved by a laudable zeal which is difficult to restrain once it has been stirred up". [99], Joseph Chnier's play Charles IX was a huge success during the French Revolution, drawing strongly anti-monarchical and anti-religious lessons from the massacre. The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre by Franois Dubois. Chains were used to block streets so that Protestants could not escape from their houses. Read and study old-school with our bound texts. Catherine had not obtained Pope Gregory XIII's permission to celebrate this irregular marriage; consequently, the French prelates hesitated over which attitude to adopt. ", This page was last edited on 23 April 2023, at 14:41. "Many Protestant houses were burned, invoking the traditional purification by fire of all heretics. Richard Verstegan, Horrible Cruelties of the Huguenots in France, 1587 . "Jean-Antoine de Baf and the Saint-Barthlemy", Anglo, 229; See also: Butterfield, H. "Acton and the Massacre of St Bartholomew,", The first occurrence of the royal injunction is found late in, Anglo, p. 283, see also the whole chapter. 33. The homes and shops of Huguenots were pillaged and their occupants brutally murdered; many bodies were thrown into the Seine. All the best people took a hand in it, the King and the Queen Mother included."[102]. It all started when Margret of Valois (the kings sister) and Henry of Navarre (a protestant) decided to get married. Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day, massacre of French Huguenots (Protestants) in Paris on August 24/25, 1572, plotted by Catherine de Medici and carried out by Roman Catholic nobles and other citizens. This change was soon picked up by Huguenot writers, who began to expand on Calvin and promote the idea of the sovereignty of the people, ideas to which Catholic writers and preachers responded fiercely. Civil wars across Europe [20] Fears of Huguenot reprisals grew. [10], The court itself was extremely divided. A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. The murder of thousands of French Protestants by Catholics in August 1572 influenced not only the subsequent course of France's civil wars and state building, but also patterns of international alliance and long-standing cultural values across Europe. [25] Recent research by Jrmie Foa, investigating the prosopography suggests that the massacres were carried by a group of militants who had already made out lists of Protestants deserving extermination, and the mass of the population, whether approving or disapproving, were not directly involved.[26]. Essay Questions:Bartholomew's Day Massacre? Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. But kill them all! A 1966 serial in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who entitled The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve is set during the events leading up to the Paris massacre. The following other wikis use this file: Usage on af.wikipedia.org Bartolomeusnag; Catharina de' Medici; Usage on ar.wikipedia.org [36], In the cities affected, the loss to the Huguenot communities after the massacres was numerically far larger than those actually killed; in the following weeks there were mass conversions to Catholicism, apparently in response to the threatening atmosphere for Huguenots in these cities. In his Histoire vritable de la ville de Lyon, the memorialist and former consul (town councillor) Claude de Rubys devoted just a few lines to the events of late August 1572, when the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacres had reached Lyon. The murder of thousands of French Protestants by Catholics in August 1572 influenced not only the subsequent course of Frances civil wars and state building, but also patterns of international alliance and long-standing cultural values across Europe. Elizabeth restores the Church of England (1558- ) Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) [64][65] There are also a dramatic and influential account by Henry, duke of Anjou that was not recognised as fake until the 19th century. 1) Funds must be available to cover the check value and the bank's processing fee 2) The Cardholder can dispute a. Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. Nowhere was this system more fully and expertly articulated than by the Republic of Venice in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The Vincentian ambassador in Washington, D. C. is the official representative of the Government in the Kingstown to the Government of the United States. Sculpted Pillar at Gobekli Tepe (c. 10,000 B.C.E.) Updates? According to 10 United States Code 2784, which two of the following could result from a Governmentwide Commercial Purchase Card Program violation? The Pre-Raphaelite painter John Everett Millais managed to create a sentimental moment in the massacre in his painting A Huguenot, on St. Bartholomew's Day (1852), which depicts a Catholic woman attempting to convince her Huguenot lover to wear the white scarf badge of the Catholics and protect himself. [14], Tensions were further raised when in May 1572 the news reached Paris that a French Huguenot army under Louis of Nassau had crossed from France to the Netherlandish province of Hainaut and captured the Catholic strongholds of Mons and Valenciennes (now in Belgium and France, respectively). Ignatius of Loyola, from The Spiritual Exercises Instead of crippling the Huguenot party as Catherine had hoped it would do, the massacre revived hatred between Roman Catholics and Huguenots and helped provoke a renewal of hostilities. "Holding a lit de justice, Charles declared that he had ordered the massacre in order to thwart a Huguenot plot against the royal family. Anonymous, A German Print of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre . Read online (or offline) with all the highlighting and notetaking tools you need to be successful in this course. A. Ignatius of Loyola & the Society of Jesus [31] In most of them, the killings swiftly followed the arrival of the news of the Paris massacre, but in some places there was a delay of more than a month. The Catholic response to a Huguenot plot / Claude Haton (1572) -- 18. [34] In some cities the massacres were led by the mob, while the city authorities tried to suppress them, and in others small groups of soldiers and officials began rounding up Protestants with little mob involvement. Arques; Ivry; Paris; Chteau-Laudran; Rouen; Caudebec; Craon; 1st Luxemburg; Blaye; Morlaix; Fort Crozon, Franco-Spanish War (159598) The Guises, who were highly popular, exploited this situation to put pressure on the King and the Queen Mother. Initially the coup d'tat of the duke of Anjou was a success, but Catherine de' Medici went out of her way to deprive him from any power in France: she sent him with the royal army to remain in front of La Rochelle and then had him elected King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Here, he is relating the events leading up to the Massacre and the orders of the Queen of France, Catherine de'Medici. [101] Millais was inspired to create the painting after seeing Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots. Koenigsberger (who until his retirement in 1984 was Professor of History at King's College, University of London) wrote that the Massacre was deeply disturbing because "it was Christians massacring other Christians who were not foreign enemies but their neighbours with which they and their forebears had lived in a Christian community, and under the same ruler, for a thousand years". 154, The Jewish Encounter with Hellenism: The Maccabees' Rebellion 161, Chapter 5 The Civilization of Ancient Rome 169, A Mummy from the Time of the roman empire (100 C.E.) [50] The pope ordered a Te Deum to be sung as a special thanksgiving (a practice continued for many years after) and had a medal struck with the motto Ugonottorum strages 1572 (Latin: "Overthrow (or slaughter) of the Huguenots 1572") showing an angel bearing a cross and a sword before which are the felled Protestants. Revolutionary Violence in Elizabeth Inchbald's, Letters from Earth. Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. Neither faith had a monopoly on cruelty and misguided fervour". Term -It caused the Huguenots to flee France The news of the massacre was welcomed by Philip II of Spain, and Pope Gregory XIII had a medal struck to celebrate the event. The site is now 144, Holt (2005 edn), pp. This article is about the historical event. The future Pope Gregory served as a legate to Philip II of Spain, being sent by Pope Pius V to investigate the Cardinal of Toledo. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . Historian Jrmie Foa offers a very unique view of the 1572 massacres in his work entitled Tous ceux qui tombent: visages du massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy [All that fall: faces of the St. Bartholomew's day massacre]. [47] For Paris, the only hard figure is a payment by the city to workmen for collecting and burying 1,100 bodies washed up on the banks of the Seine downstream from the city in one week. "Huguenot writers, who had previously, for the most part, paraded their loyalty to the Crown, now called for the deposition or assassination of a Godless king who had either authorised or permitted the slaughter". About twelve thousand Huguenots were killed between August 25 and October 3. Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, massacre of French Huguenots (Protestants) in Paris on August 24/25, 1572, plotted by Catherine de' Medici and carried out by Roman Catholic nobles and other citizens. He wrote in part, "St. Bartholomew's was unquestionably the finest thing of the kind ever devised and accomplished in the world. It is difficult today to determine the exact chronology of events, or to know the precise moment the killing began. Modern historians are still divided over the responsibility of the royal family: The traditional interpretation makes Catherine de' Medici and her Catholic advisers the principal culprits in the execution of the principal military leaders. Protestant Resistance Theory: The Wake-Up Call for the French and their Neighbors, 1574 . Recovery of cost from Governmentwide Commercial, "in step 12 of the governmentwide commercial purchase card program process, what are three situations in which the acceptor must ensure written independent receipt and acceptance?" The start of the massacre can be traced to familial, and religious, origins. The Guise family (strongly Catholic) was out of favour at the French court; the Huguenot leader, Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, was readmitted into the king's council in September 1571. Political Responses . Beside this, the rivalries between the leading families re-emerged. ("Emond" or "Edmond"). [49], The French 18th-century historian Louis-Pierre Anquetil, in his Esprit de la Ligue of 1767, was among the first to begin impartial historical investigation, emphasizing the lack of premeditation (before the attempt on Coligny) in the massacre and that Catholic mob violence had a history of uncontrollable escalation. [27] According to some interpretations, the survival of these Huguenots was a key point in Catherine's overall scheme, to prevent the House of Guise from becoming too powerful. He describes how the religious divide, which gave the Huguenots different patterns of dress, eating and pastimes, as well as the obvious differences of religion and (very often) class, had become a social schism or cleavage. Oil on panel, 94 154 cm; Cantonal Museum of Lausanne. A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. 14445, who rejects the view that this "met le feu au poudres" (lit the powder) in Bordeaux. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre was a wave of mob violence directed against the French Protestant (Huguenot) minority by the Catholic majority. The man, true to his beliefs, gently refuses her. Were sorry, but WorldCat does not work without JavaScript enabled. Elizabeth (queen of England, 1558-1603) Paperback. Sample this version now as opposed to waiting for the physical edition. Madame, the king refuses to involve himself in one war. Wilson. 72- . To placate the angry Huguenots, the government agreed to investigate the assassination attempt. [12], Nevertheless, it was only in the aftermath of the massacre that anti-monarchical ideas found widespread support from Huguenots, among the "Monarchomachs" and others. [89] Some blame the complete esteem with which the sovereign's office was held, justified by prominent French Roman Catholic theologians, and that the special powers of French Kings "were accompanied by explicit responsibilities, the foremost of which was combating heresy". Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [69] The most extreme of these writers was Camilo Capilupi, a papal secretary, whose work insisted that the whole series of events since 1570 had been a masterly plan conceived by Charles IX, and carried through by frequently misleading his mother and ministers as to his true intentions. Admiral de Coligny was the most respected Huguenot leader and enjoyed a close relationship with the king, although he was distrusted by the king's mother. [54] In Paris, the poet Jean-Antoine de Baf, founder of the Academie de Musique et de Posie, wrote a sonnet extravagantly praising the killings. GIOVANNI MICHIEL FROMA Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre The struggle for supremacyin northern Italy, which marked the last half of thefif- teenthcentury, gave rise to a new form of diplomacy, including structures and pro- cedures that wouldbe fundamental to relations amongall modern states. King Charles IX ordered the killing of a group of Huguenot leaders, including Coligny, and the slaughter spread throughout Paris. [13] Thus, the massacre "marked the beginning of a new form of French Protestantism: one that was openly at war with the crown. The massacre caused a "major international crisis". Earlier Huguenot rage at Nimes (in 1567) led to the massacre of twenty-four Catholics, mostly priests and prominent laymen, at the hands of their Protestant neighbours. Visages du massacre de la Saint-Bethlemy", 2021, La Dcouverte, ISBN 2348057883, Holt (2005 ed. Staunch Catholics were shocked by the return of Protestants to the court, but the queen mother, Catherine de' Medici, and her son, Charles IX, were practical in their support of peace and Coligny, as they were conscious of the kingdom's financial difficulties and the Huguenots' strong defensive position: they controlled the fortified towns of La Rochelle, La Charit-sur-Loire, Cognac, and Montauban. Pope Gregory XIII himself refused to receive Charles de Maurevert, said to be the killer of Coligny, on the ground that he was a murderer.[53]. 9395 for a different emphasis. Many Protestants were nobles or bourgeois and Frieda adds that "a number of bourgeois Catholic Parisians had suffered the same fate as the Protestants; many financial debts were wiped clean with the death of creditors and moneylenders that night". The assortment of material allows you to . The would-be assassin, most likely Charles de Louviers, Lord of Maurevert[17](c. 15051583), escaped in the ensuing confusion. [28], Although Charles had dispatched orders to his provincial governors on August 24 to prevent violence and maintain the terms of the 1570 edict,[29] from August to October, similar massacres of Huguenots took place in a total of twelve other cities: Toulouse, Bordeaux, Lyon, Bourges, Rouen,[30] The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre King Philip II (1527-1598). They forced the hand of a hesitant and weak-willed king in the decision of that particular execution.